IntroductionIn competitive programming and algorithm design, efficiently handling connectivity queries on dynamic graphs represents one of the most challenging problem categories. Problem P5445 exemplifies this challenge by requiring us to maintain and query connectivity information while edges are being added and removed dynamically. This article presents a comprehensive solution combining two powerful data structures: segment trees and Fenwick trees (also known as Binary Indexed Trees or BIT).Problem StatementWe are given a graph with n ve...